model or as an entire communication that contains all three components (sender, message, and receiver) and so is complete in itself. Narrative criticism tends to focus on the latter understanding and thus regards the real author and the real reader as extrinsic to the communication act that transpires within the text itself. This concept of the implied reader, the reader in the text, moves narrative criticism away from being a purely reader-centered (pragmatic) type of criticism and makes it a more